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EU Enlargement Policy, one of the newest EU policies created during the last decade of the 20th century, is facing a very difficult period of its development, similar to the challenges facing the EU today. This Policy has been under constant evolution on the basis of experiences with the new Member States, and it has been closely connected with the wider context of European Integration of the Member States. In this article we present an overview of the major challenges for the Union as well as for candidate countries and to point out that there is no good reason why, even in the crisis situation, enlargement should not be continued. It is, we argue, part of the solution to the problems of EU, and not yet another problem.

Globalization, internationalization, interdependence and legislation in international relations and international law, which occurred after the end of the Cold war, brought changes into the existence and functioning of international intergovernmental organizations. Their special, autonomous, independent will is getting stronger and is becoming confirmation of their independent legal personality. The main result of the independent roll of international organizations are their decisions, which is why studying and following their internal practice is of crucial importance, although it neglected to a large degree. For that reason, this paper tends to point at several elements of that internal practice, throughout the conducts of members (primarily states) in decision-making and expending competences of the permanent organs, as well as at new phases and new participants in the decision-making process in international organizations. The list of these novelties is certainly not exhausted and new questions arise from the discussion about the responsibility of international organization for their conducts. ; Pod uticajem globalizacije, internacionalizacije, međuzavisnosti i legislacije u međunarodnim odnosima i međunarodnom pravu, do kojih dolazi posle kraja hladnog rata došlo je do promene u postojanju i delovanju međunarodnih vladinih organizacija. Sve je jača njihova posebna, samostalna, nezavisna volja koja postaje potvrda njihove nezavisne pravne ličnosti. Osnovni rezultat samostalne uloge međunarodnih organizacija su njihove odluke, te je izučavanje i praćenje njihove interne prakse od suštinskog značaja, a ukazivanje na nju je u velikoj meri zanemareno. Zato smo u ovom radu probali da ukažemo na nekoliko elemenata te interne prakse, kroz ponašanje članica (pre svega država) u odlučivanju, širenju nadležnosti stalnih organa, kao i na nove faze i nove učesnike u procesu odlučivanja u međunarodnim organizacijama. Lista uočenih novina svakako ovim nije iscrpljena, a nova pitanja pokreće i rasprava o odgovornosti međunarodnih organizacija za delovanje.

EU Enlargement Policy, one of the newest EU policies created during the last decade of the 20th century, is facing a very difficult period of its development, similar to the challenges facing the EU today. This Policy has been under constant evolution on the basis of experiences with the new Member States, and it has been closely connected with the wider context of European Integration of the Member States. In this article we present an overview of the major challenges for the Union as well as for candidate countries and to point out that there is no good reason why, even in the crisis situation, enlargement should not be continued. It is, we argue, part of the solution to the problems of EU, and not yet another problem. ; Politika proširenja EU, jedna od novijih politika Unije nastala tokom devedesetih godina, u velikoj meri proživljava veoma težak period koji je opšte obeležje izazova sa kojima se danas suočava EU. Ona se tokom vremena konstantno uobličavala na osnovama iskustava sa novim članicama i uvek je bila u uskoj vezi sa širim kontekstom evropskih integracija država članica EU. U ovom članku smo pokušali da prikažemo osnovne izazove za Uniju, ali i za države kandidate regiona Zapadnog Balkana, i da ukažemo da nema nijednog valjanog razloga zašto, čak i uslovima krize u EU, nastavak proširenja ne bi trebalo da bude posmatran kao deo rešenja, a ne kao deo problema.

In the theory and practice of international law has long been present a debate on the ability of international organizations to influence the decisions in the process of creating international law. It is undisputed that the decisions of international organizations have an increasingly important position, but the debates about the law constituting role of these organizations in the contemporary international law are still alive. There is no consent, and certainly, the widest debates are provoked by the decisions of the international organization of a universal character - the United Nations. A key task of our research will be to analyze the decision-making practice within the United Nations and to determine, by the comparison of the different arguments of international law schools of thought, the impact that this organization has on the creation of international law. Also, we will try to investigate whether the decisions taken in the framework of international organizations carry within them a little more than 'moral and political force', but also to check the achievements of the so-called soft law (soft law). ; U teoriji i praksi međunarodnog prava dugo je prisutna rasprava o sposobnosti uticaja odluka međunarodnih organizacija na proces stvaranja međunarodnog prava. Nesporno je da odluke međunarodnih organizacija zauzimaju sve značajnije mesto, ali su debate o pravnostvaralačkoj ulozi ovih organizacija u savremenom međunarodnom pravu još uvek žive. Saglasnosti nema, a svakako da najšire rasprave izazivaju odluke donete u međunarodnoj organizaciji univerzalnog karaktera - Ujedinjenim nacijama. Ključni zadatak našeg istraživanja biće da analizom prakse donošenja odluka u okviru Ujedinjenih nacija i ukrštanjem različitih argumenata međunarodnopravnih škola mišljenja, utvrdimo uticaj koji ova organizacija ima na stvaranje pravila međunarodnog prava. Takođe, nastojaćemo da istražimo da li odluke donete u okviru međunarodnih organizacija nose sa sobom nešto više od 'moralne i političke snage', ali i da proverimo domete tzv. mekog prava (soft law).

The European Ombudsman is an institution of the EU established in Jun 1995. by the European Parliament on the basis of the articles 8d and 138e of the EC Treaty amended in Maastricht, and of the principles of Statute of European Ombudsman. The most important task of the European Ombudsman is to deal with maladministration in the activities of the Community institutions and bodies. Possible instances of maladministation come into attention of the Ombudsman through complaints made by European Union citizens, or on the basis of his own-inquire. Any citizen of EU or non-citizen living in a Member State, or associations or other bodies with registered office in the Union can make a complaint to the Ombudsman. The Ombudsman can deal with complaints that are within his mandate and which meet the criteria of admissibility; he conducts an inquiry in such cases. Up to now, European Ombudsman conducted 432 inquires, and concluded them with friendly solutions, critical remarks and draft recommendations - the remedies which are on Ombudsman disposal. ; Zaštita ljudskih prava nije utvrđena kao jedan od osnovnih ciljeva Evropske unije. Ona se, međutim, sve više nameće sa jačanjem ove nadnacionalne međunarodne organizacije i širenjem oblasti njenog delovanja. Njen značaj je postao posebno velik sa uvođenjem kategorije državljana EU, i stvaranjem posebnog organa koji se bavi upravo zaštitom njihovih prava. U ovom tekstu se pažnja posvećuje pravnim osnovama, načinu rada i dosadašnjim rezultatima delovanja tog organa - Ombudsmana Evropske unije.

The issue of the proceedings concerning the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms is the question who can institute proceedings for the protection of certain human right. Furthermore, it is a question of capability to institute these proceedings in international institutions, which are organs founded under universal and regional conventions to protect and upgrade human rights standards. Conditions for the proceeding, constitution and the work of the international organs, and the proceeding itself has been observed in one universal convention (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and its organ Human Rights Committee), and tree regional multilateral conventions (African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights - African Commission, American Convention on Human Rights - Inter American Commission and Inter American Court on Human Rights, European Convention on Human Rights - European Commission and European Court on Human Rights, and Permanent European Court for Human Rights envisaged by the Protocol XI). There are tree main mechanisms for the protection of rights guaranteed by these conventions - periodic State reports, communications from a State party to these conventions concerning violation of rights by other State party, and communications or complains from individuals, groups and non governmental organizations, concerning alleged violation of any of the rights set forth in these conventions. States have the obligation to submit reports to the international organs periodically, in most cases once a year: the main element of their content are information on judicial measures for the implementation of obligations formulated by these international instruments. These reports may, beside information, point out problems and elements which can hamper their implementation. State reports are addressed to the organ responsible by the Convention to consider this kind of reports: that can be an organ specially formed by Convention for the protection of human rights (for example, Human Rights Committee formed according to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights), but also an organ of an international organization which created certain convention for the protection of human rights (Inter American Economic and Social Council, according to the American Convention).These four international instruments for the protection of human rights, after analyzing their content, may be classified in two pairs of procedure: the first pair (International Covenant and African Charter) where different procedures may be seen in the case of communication from States and different in the case of individual complaints, and the second pair where procedures are similar in both cases (American Convention and European Convention).According to international instruments for the protection of human rights analyzed in this article, the possibility of the protection for the guaranteed rights becomes efficient. Procedure for the protection may be initiated by States which are party to these instruments, individuals or groups, and conditions for the admissibility of communications are strictly required by the provisions of these conventions. These complaints can be related only to the State which is a party to these instruments (or instrument), and it can be an optional jurisdiction of the organ, when it is necessary to declare their jurisdiction in such cases. Individual complaints may be submitted only by individuals who are nationals of the State party or who are living in the territory of the State party. A new category in individual complaints, introduced by European convention, are non governmental organizations, which are becoming increasingly important in the protection of human rights. Procedure for the protection of the rights guaranteed by these conventions may be lodged only before organs of an international organization in charge of the protection of human rights, or organ established for the action in case of violation of human rights. Nevertheless, a complaint or communication, irrespective of who is lodging it, must fulfill precise conditions to be deemed admissible. A very important moment in these procedures is the possibility for individuals to lodge a complaint, and to point out to the violation of their fundamental rights. In the case of individual complaints procedure, an individual, who is under personal and territorial jurisdiction of a sovereign State, comes out on international scene. Individuals, therefore, gets a unthinkable - to claim that his/her State violated his/her fundamental rights and freedoms. Of course, this is far from the claim that individual has an international personality and that he is a subject of International Public Law, but it can be an initiation of this position. ; Pitanje legitimacije za pokretanje postupka za zaštitu ljudskih prava jeste pitanje ko se sve može pojaviti kao stranka u postupku za zaštitu određenog prava iz korpusa ljudskih prava. Takođe, reč je o sposobnosti da se ovakvi postupci pokreću pred međunarodnim organima koji su posebni organi obrazovani za zaštitu ljudskih prava na osnovu univerzalnih i regionalnih sporazuma o ljudskim pravima, ili pred organima međunarodnih vladinih organizacija koji kao svoja ovlašćenja, između ostalog, imaju i zaštitu pojedinih ljudskih prava. Ispitivani su uslovi legitimacije i sam postupak koje postavljaju pred svoje nadležne organe jedan univerzalni (Međunarodni Pakt o građanskim i političkim pravima pred Komitet za ljudska prava) i tri regionalna multilateralna sporazuma (Afrička povelja o pravima naroda - Afrička komisija za ljudska prava, Američka konvencija o ljudskim pravima - Međuamerička komisija i Međuamerički sud za ljudska prava, Evropska konvencija za zaštitu ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda - preko Evropske komisije i Evropskog suda za zaštitu ljudskih prava) kod kojih je utvrđivano ko ima pravo da pokreće postupak pred organima stvorenim ovim sprazumima, pod kojim uslovima, kao i kako sam postupak teče. Tri osnovna mehanizma zaštite prava koja su garantovana ovim sporazumima jesu izveštaji država (mogu se biti bitan izvor informacija o opštoj situaciji ljudskih prava u jednoj državi), pravo predstavke jedne države ugovornice protiv druge države ugovornice, i pravo pojedinaca, grupa ili nevladinih organizacija da traži zaštitu svojih prava od kršenja od strane države ugovornice.

The article discusses main differences in the EU enlargement strategy/process between the one applied for the big-bang Eastern enlargement in 2004/2007 and the one being used for the EU accession of the Western Balkan countries. Within this framework, the article focuses on the key drivers that have contributed to the slowing down of the EU accession process for these countries over the last decade. Among others, these drivers include some traditional ones, such as lessons from the EU-10 enlargement and general "enlargement fatigue" in quite a number of EU member states, as well as a number of more recent ones, such as the consequences of the economic crisis, the migrant/refugee crisis and the Brexit. The reduced appetite of the EU member states for Western Balkan enlargement has been reflected in the reshaped EU enlargement strategy that is now based on the so-called "fundamentals first" approach with the rule of law, early resolution of bilateral issues and strengthened economic governance as its key pillars. Besides, the enlargement process is run today much more on the intergovernmental basis than this was the case during the large Eastern enlargement.

The article discusses main differences in the EU enlargement strategy/process between the one applied for the big-bang Eastern enlargement in 2004/2007 and the one being used for the EU accession of the Western Balkan countries. Within this framework, the article focuses on the key drivers that have contributed to the slowing down of the EU accession process for these countries over the last decade. Among others, these drivers include some traditional ones, such as lessons from the EU-10 enlargement and general "enlargement fatigue" in quite a number of EU member states, as well as a number of more recent ones, such as the consequences of the economic crisis, the migrant/refugee crisis and the Brexit. The reduced appetite of the EU member states for Western Balkan enlargement has been reflected in the reshaped EU enlargement strategy that is now based on the so-called "fundamentals first" approach with the rule of law, early resolution of bilateral issues and strengthened economic governance as its key pillars. Besides, the enlargement process is run today much more on the intergovernmental basis than this was the case during the large Eastern enlargement.